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Gradle + Travis CI 学习笔记
|编程语言Java
字数总计: 2.8k|阅读时长: 14 分钟

本文主要介绍了 Gradle 的使用，同时对相应的用于持续集成构建的 travis.yml 文件配置进行解读。

Gradle

安装

进入 Release1 界面下载 Gradle ，解压到新创建的/opt/gradle下：

$ sudo mkdir /opt/gradle
$ sudo unzip -d /opt/gradle gradle-4.6-bin.zip
$ ls /opt/gradle/gradle-4.6

设置环境变量：

# 暂时设置
$ export PATH=$PATH:/opt/gradle/gradle-4.6/bin
# 永久全局设置
$ sudo vi /etc/environment
# 在 `PATH="..."` 中引号内末尾处加上 `:/opt/gradle/gradle-4.6/bin`
# 更新当前环境变量
$ . /etc/environment

查看 Gradle 版本：

$ gradle -v
WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
WARNING: Illegal reflective access by org.codehaus.groovy.reflection.CachedClass (file:/opt/gradle/gradle-4.6/lib/groovy-all-2.4.12.jar) to method java.lang.Object.finalize()
WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of org.codehaus.groovy.reflection.CachedClass
WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release

------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 4.6
------------------------------------------------------------

Build time:   2018-02-28 13:36:36 UTC
Revision:     8fa6ce7945b640e6168488e4417f9bb96e4ab46c

Groovy:       2.4.12
Ant:          Apache Ant(TM) version 1.9.9 compiled on February 2 2017
JVM:          9.0.4 (Oracle Corporation 9.0.4+11)
OS:           Linux 4.13.0-37-generic amd64

前面五行 warning 是因为最新的 java 9 为了更好地实现隐藏，后续将限制对java.lang.Object.finalize()的访问，而 Gradle 自带的 Groovy 库中的org.codehaus.groovy.reflection.CachedClass试图访问这个方法。2 3 4 5

由于问题出在 Groovy 上，Gradle 无法去修复，只好直接镇压这个警告。

$ sudo vi /opt/gradle/gradle-4.6/bin/gradle
# 找到`DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS`，修改为：
DEFAULT_JVM_OPTS="--add-opens=java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=java.base/java.lang.invoke=ALL-UNNAMED"
$ gradle -v

------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 4.6
------------------------------------------------------------

Build time:   2018-02-28 13:36:36 UTC
Revision:     8fa6ce7945b640e6168488e4417f9bb96e4ab46c

Groovy:       2.4.12
Ant:          Apache Ant(TM) version 1.9.9 compiled on February 2 2017
JVM:          9.0.4 (Oracle Corporation 9.0.4+11)
OS:           Linux 4.13.0-37-generic amd64
  • With --add-exports the package is exported, meaning all public types and members therein are accessible at compile and run time.
  • With --add-opens the package is opened, meaning all types and members (not only public ones!) therein are accessible at run time.4
  • When setting $readingmodule to ALL-UNNAMED, all code from the class path can access that package.3

创建 Gradle Builds6 7 8

在项目根目录下，使用init命令初始化。

$ gradle init
Starting a Gradle Daemon (subsequent builds will be faster)

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 8s
2 actionable tasks: 2 executed
vi gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties 
# 避免运行 ./gradlew 时重复下载
# ./gradlew 可在没有安装 gradle 的系统下运行
distributionUrl=file\:/home/upupming/linux/software/gradle-4.6-all.zip

gradle 默认的 java 源文件目录是 src/main/java，比如这样的目录结构：

$ tree
└── src
    └── main
        └── java
            └── hello
                ├── Greeter.java
                └── HelloWorld.java

在build.gradle中加入 apply plugin: 'java'，进行 build 结果如下：

$ gradle build

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 2s
2 actionable tasks: 2 executed
$ jar tvf build/libs/initial.jar
     0 Tue Apr 03 11:09:44 CST 2018 META-INF/
    25 Tue Apr 03 11:09:44 CST 2018 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
     0 Tue Apr 03 11:09:44 CST 2018 hello/
   369 Tue Apr 03 11:09:44 CST 2018 hello/Greeter.class
   648 Tue Apr 03 11:09:44 CST 2018 hello/HelloWorld.class

而我当前项目的目录结构与上面完全不同。

$ tree -L 2
.
├── bin
│   ├── P1
│   ├── P2
│   └── P3
├── build.gradle
├── doc
├── gradle
│   └── wrapper
├── gradlew
├── gradlew.bat
├── settings.gradle
├── src
│   ├── P1
│   ├── P2
│   └── P3
└── test
    ├── P1
    ├── P2
    └── P3

build.gradle中可以设置许多属性，包括修改源文件目录，运行build properties可以查看所有属性。在官方文档中查到有这两个属性：

  • SourceSet
    public interface SourceSet
    A SourceSet represents a logical group of Java source and resources.
    See the example below how SourceSet ‘main’ is accessed and how the SourceDirectorySet ‘java’ is configured to exclude some package from compilation.

    apply plugin: 'java'

    sourceSets {
        main {
            java {
                exclude 'some/unwanted/package/**'
            }
        }
    }

  • SourceDirectorySet
    public interface SourceDirectorySet
    extends FileTree, PatternFilterable, Named, Describable
    A SourceDirectorySet represents a set of source files composed from a set of source directories, along with associated include and exclude patterns.

    SourceDirectorySet extends FileTree. The contents of the file tree represent the source files of this set, arranged in a hierarchy. The file tree is live and reflects changes to the source directories and their contents.

根据官方文档的说明9，修改build.gradle中 java 源文件目录。

apply plugin: 'java'

sourceSets {
    main {
        java {
            srcDirs = ['src']
        }
    }
}

这样就可以成功 build 了。

build 输出（点击展开/折叠） 

$ gradle build

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 0s
2 actionable tasks: 2 up-to-date
$ jar tvf build/libs/Lab2-1160300625.jar 
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 META-INF/
    25 Tue Apr 03 10:33:56 CST 2018 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/
  4629 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/ConcreteEdgesGraph.class
  5161 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/ConcreteVerticesGraph.class
  1644 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/Edge.class
   744 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/Graph.class
  2479 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/graph/Vertex.class
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/poet/
  2982 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/poet/GraphPoet.class
  1364 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P1/poet/Main.class
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P2/
  2696 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P2/FriendshipGraph.class
   997 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P2/Person$Color.class
   555 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P2/Person.class
     0 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/
   715 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/BusSegment.class
  3180 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/Itinerary.class
  3908 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/RoutePlanner.class
   179 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/RoutePlannerBuilder.class
  4096 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/RoutePlannerBuilderImplementation.class
  1157 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/RoutePlannerImplementation$Color.class
  3623 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/RoutePlannerImplementation.class
   317 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/Stop.class
  2840 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/StopTime.class
   192 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/TripSegment.class
   654 Tue Apr 03 12:41:58 CST 2018 P3/WaitSegment.class

在 build.gradle 中加入apply plugin: 'application'，可以运行 java 程序。

apply plugin: 'application'
mainClassName = 'P3.RoutePlanner'
run {
    // 使用标准输入
    standardInput = System.in
}
$ gradle run
> Task :run 
provide the filename of the data file(default: all_stop_times.txt): 
<=<=========----> 75% EXECUTING [21s]
> :run

接下来会根据用户输入一直运行下去，直到程序返回 0 退出。

Build 之后

最终的`build.gradle`（点击展开/折叠） 

/*
 * This file was generated by the Gradle 'init' task.
 *
 * This is a general purpose Gradle build.
 * Learn how to create Gradle builds at https://guides.gradle.org/creating-new-gradle-builds/
 */

apply plugin: 'java'

/* for runnig interaction
apply plugin: 'application'
mainClassName = 'P3.RoutePlanner'
run {
    // 使用标准输入
    standardInput = System.in
}
*/

// Customization of MANIFEST
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
version = '1.0'

// Dependencies
repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
    testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.+'
    // or "testCompile "junit:junit:4.+"
}
sourceSets {
    main {
        java {
            srcDirs = ['src']
        }
    }
    test {
        java {
            srcDirs =  ['test']
        }
    }
}

build 文件夹目录结构（点击展开/折叠） 

$ tree build
build
├── classes
│   └── java
│       ├── main
│       │   ├── P1
│       │   │   ├── graph
│       │   │   │   ├── ConcreteEdgesGraph.class
│       │   │   │   ├── ConcreteVerticesGraph.class
│       │   │   │   ├── Edge.class
│       │   │   │   ├── Graph.class
│       │   │   │   └── Vertex.class
│       │   │   └── poet
│       │   │       ├── GraphPoet.class
│       │   │       └── Main.class
│       │   ├── P2
│       │   │   ├── FriendshipGraph.class
│       │   │   ├── Person.class
│       │   │   └── Person$Color.class
│       │   └── P3
│       │       ├── BusSegment.class
│       │       ├── Itinerary.class
│       │       ├── RoutePlannerBuilder.class
│       │       ├── RoutePlannerBuilderImplementation.class
│       │       ├── RoutePlanner.class
│       │       ├── RoutePlannerImplementation.class
│       │       ├── RoutePlannerImplementation$Color.class
│       │       ├── Stop.class
│       │       ├── StopTime.class
│       │       ├── TripSegment.class
│       │       └── WaitSegment.class
│       └── test
│           ├── P1
│           │   ├── graph
│           │   │   ├── ConcreteEdgesGraphTest.class
│           │   │   ├── ConcreteVerticesGraphTest.class
│           │   │   ├── GraphInstanceTest.class
│           │   │   └── GraphStaticTest.class
│           │   └── poet
│           │       └── GraphPoetTest.class
│           ├── P2
│           │   └── FriendshipGraphTest.class
│           └── P3
│               └── RoutePlannerTest.class
├── libs
│   └── Lab2-1160300625-1.0.jar
├── reports
│   └── tests
│       └── test
│           ├── classes
│           │   ├── P1.graph.ConcreteEdgesGraphTest.html
│           │   ├── P1.graph.ConcreteVerticesGraphTest.html
│           │   ├── P1.graph.GraphStaticTest.html
│           │   ├── P1.poet.GraphPoetTest.html
│           │   ├── P2.FriendshipGraphTest.html
│           │   └── P3.RoutePlannerTest.html
│           ├── css
│           │   ├── base-style.css
│           │   └── style.css
│           ├── index.html
│           ├── js
│           │   └── report.js
│           └── packages
│               ├── P1.graph.html
│               ├── P1.poet.html
│               ├── P2.html
│               └── P3.html
├── test-results
│   └── test
│       ├── binary
│       │   ├── output.bin
│       │   ├── output.bin.idx
│       │   └── results.bin
│       ├── TEST-P1.graph.ConcreteEdgesGraphTest.xml
│       ├── TEST-P1.graph.ConcreteVerticesGraphTest.xml
│       ├── TEST-P1.graph.GraphStaticTest.xml
│       ├── TEST-P1.poet.GraphPoetTest.xml
│       ├── TEST-P2.FriendshipGraphTest.xml
│       └── TEST-P3.RoutePlannerTest.xml
└── tmp
    ├── compileJava
    ├── compileTestJava
    └── jar
        └── MANIFEST.MF

在 Eclipse 中用 Gradle Builder 替代默认的 Java Builder

之前创建项目时选的是 Java Project 而不是 Gradle Project ，因此 Eclipse 并不会使用 Gradle Builder 去运行项目，右键点击项目名，在 Properties > Builders 下可以看到现在项目的 Builder 是 Java Builder。

要想把 Java Project 转换为 Gradle Project ，先要在 Help -> Eclipse Market 中搜索并安装Buildship Gradle Intergration 2.0，在最新版的 Eclipse 已经预装了这个插件。然后在项目右键菜单中选择 Configure > Add Gradle Nature。

现在再打开 Properties > Builders 将可以看到增加了 Gradle Project Builder ，可以顺手删掉 Java Builder 了，删不掉的话可以直接修改根目录的 .project文件，删除与 Java Builder 相关的定义。

在以后创建新项目的时候可以直接选择 Gradle Project ，这样可以免去后续的烦恼。 Eclipse + Gradle 用起来的感觉跟 Android Studio 一样，有什么依赖直接在 build.gradle中声明即可， Gradle 会自动联网下载依赖。当一个项目在合作者之间传递时，这种方法最简洁，也能避免很多依赖错误。

注意：如果在 build.gradle 新加入了依赖（dependencies），应该在 Eclipse 中更新依赖，具体方法：右击项目 -> Gradle -> Refresh Gradle Project，见下图。

最终我的 .project 文件（点击展开/折叠） 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<projectDescription>
	<name>Lab2-1160300625</name>
	<comment></comment>
	<projects>
	</projects>
	<buildSpec>
		<buildCommand>
			<name>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectbuilder</name>
			<arguments>
			</arguments>
		</buildCommand>
	</buildSpec>
	<natures>
		<nature>org.eclipse.jdt.core.javanature</nature>
		<nature>org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleprojectnature</nature>
	</natures>
</projectDescription>

.classpath 文件：（点击展开/折叠） 

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<classpath>
	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/main" path="src">
		<attributes>
			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="main"/>
			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="main,test"/>
		</attributes>
	</classpathentry>
	<classpathentry kind="src" output="bin/test" path="test">
		<attributes>
			<attribute name="gradle_scope" value="test"/>
			<attribute name="gradle_used_by_scope" value="test"/>
		</attributes>
	</classpathentry>
	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.jdt.launching.JRE_CONTAINER/org.eclipse.jdt.internal.debug.ui.launcher.StandardVMType/JavaSE-1.8/"/>
	<classpathentry kind="con" path="org.eclipse.buildship.core.gradleclasspathcontainer"/>
	<classpathentry kind="output" path="bin/default"/>
</classpath>

Travis CI

在项目根目录下新建一个.travis.yml文件。10 11

文件内容（点击展开/折叠） 

language: java

jdk: oraclejdk8

before_install: chmod +x gradlew

## Travis CI installs dependencies using
# gradle assemble
## You can specify your own script to run to install whatever dependencies
## your project requires
# install: ./install-dependencies.sh

## If your project contains a build.gradle file in the repository root,
## Travis CI builds your project with Gradle:
# gradle check
## If your project also includes the gradlew wrapper script in the
## repository root, Travis CI uses that wrapper instead:
# ./gradlew check
## To use a different script command:
# script: bundle exec thor build
## or:
# script:
# - bundle exec rake build
# - bundle exec rake builddoc

## A peculiarity of dependency caching in Gradle means that to avoid
## uploading the cache after every build you need to add the following
## lines to your .travis.yml
before_cache:
  - rm -f  $HOME/.gradle/caches/modules-2/modules-2.lock
  - rm -fr $HOME/.gradle/caches/*/plugin-resolution/
cache:
  directories:
    - $HOME/.gradle/caches/
    - $HOME/.gradle/wrapper/

  • languge: java

    使用 java 语言

  • jdk: oraclejdk8

    使用oraclejdk8进行测试。可以定义多个不同的jdk版本。

  • before_install: chmod +x gradlew

    由于在script阶段，默认运行./gradlew check。如果不加入这句命令， Travis-CI 会出现下面的错误：

    $ ./gradlew assemble
    /home/travis/.travis/job_stages: line 236: ./gradlew: Permission denied
    The command "eval ./gradlew assemble " failed. Retrying, 2 of 3.
    /home/travis/.travis/job_stages: line 236: ./gradlew: Permission denied
    The command "eval ./gradlew assemble " failed. Retrying, 3 of 3.
    /home/travis/.travis/job_stages: line 236: ./gradlew: Permission denied
    The command "eval ./gradlew assemble " failed 3 times.
    The command "./gradlew assemble" failed and exited with 126 during .
    Your build has been stopped.

  • install

    安装项目所需的依赖。

  • script

    运行 build 脚本。

    在 Gradle 部分，我为了免去下载环节，修改了gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties，在这里要改回来：

    distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-4.6-bin.zip

  • before_cache

    清除缓存。

  • cache

    缓存数据，加速下次 build 。

更详细的说明参见 The Build Lifecycle。

总结

  • 通过本地 Gradle build，生成可复用的 jar 文件，并进行测试。
  • 配置 Travis CI ，每次 push 到 github 时都会自动进行 build 。

参考资料

  1. Gradle | Releases
  2. Upgrade to Groovy 2.4.12 for full Java 9 compatibility · Issue #2995 · gradle/gradle · GitHub
  3. Java 9 Migration Guide: The Seven Most Common Challenges - blog@CodeFX
  4. command line arguments - What’s the difference between --add-exports and --add-opens in Java 9? - Stack Overflow
  5. JEP 261: Module System
  6. Creating New Gradle Builds
  7. Getting Started · Building Java Projects with Gradle
  8. Java Quickstart - Gradle User Manual
  9. The Java Plugin - Gradle User Manual
  10. Customizing the Build - Travis CI
  11. asciidoctor-gradle-examples/.travis.yml at master · asciidoctor/asciidoctor-gradle-examples · GitHub
文章作者: upupming
文章链接: https://upupming.site/2018/04/03/gradle-travis/
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