解决 Unchecked cast from Object to Edge

对于从Object到泛型的类型转换,遇到警告Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to Edge,解决方案是修改转换的类型为通配符类型:

Edge<?> other = (Edge<?>) otherObject;

具体分析见下文。

重写equals

新写的类最好要重写(Override) equals()以及hashCode(),以便其它方法的调用,比如说Collectioncontains()HashSet的查找等。

String

先来看看String类对这两个方法的重写。

Stringequals

/**
* Compares this string to the specified object. The result is {@code
* true} if and only if the argument is not {@code null} and is a {@code
* String} object that represents the same sequence of characters as this
* object.
*
* <p>For finer-grained String comparison, refer to
* {@link java.text.Collator}.
*
* @param anObject
* The object to compare this {@code String} against
*
* @return {@code true} if the given object represents a {@code String}
* equivalent to this string, {@code false} otherwise
*
* @see #compareTo(String)
* @see #equalsIgnoreCase(String)
*/
public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
if (this == anObject) {
return true;
}
if (anObject instanceof String) {
String aString = (String)anObject;
if (coder() == aString.coder()) {
return isLatin1() ? StringLatin1.equals(value, aString.value)
: StringUTF16.equals(value, aString.value);
}
}
return false;
}

StringhashCode

/**
* Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
* {@code String} object is computed as
* <blockquote><pre>
* s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
* </pre></blockquote>
* using {@code int} arithmetic, where {@code s[i]} is the
* <i>i</i>th character of the string, {@code n} is the length of
* the string, and {@code ^} indicates exponentiation.
* (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
*
* @return a hash code value for this object.
*/
public int hashCode() {
int h = hash;
if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
hash = h = isLatin1() ? StringLatin1.hashCode(value)
: StringUTF16.hashCode(value);
}
return h;
}

泛型(Generic)重写equals()的问题

ConcreteEdgeGraph<L>的内部实现有一个Edge<L>类,我在重写equals遇到了问题。

// if two edges have same source and target, they are equal
@Override public boolean equals(Object otherObject) {
// a quick test to see if the objects are identical
if(this == otherObject) return true;

// must return false if the explicit parameter is null
if(otherObject == null) return false;

// If the class don't match, they can't be equal
if(getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false;

// now we know otherObject is a non-null Edge<L>
Edge<L> other = (Edge<L>) otherObject;

// test whether the fields have identical values
return source.equals(other.source) && target.equals(other.target);
}

这段代码中,在

// now we know otherObject is a non-null Edge<L>
Edge<L> other = (Edge<L>) otherObject;

处,Eclipse报出静态警告:Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to Edge
意即类型转换没有进行检查,Java不知道这种转换是否安全。
虽然之前已经用getClass()确定了otherObject就是Edge的实例,但getClass()函数返回的是擦除后的类,也就是说Edge<String>Edge<Object>返回的是同一个类Edge
Stackoverflow[4]上给出了建议的做法,这也是Eclipse提供的Quick fix:

Yes - this is a natural consequence of type erasure. If o is actually an instance of Action that won’t be caught by the cast - you’ll only see the problem when you try to use it, passing in a ClientInterface instead of a string.
You can get rid of the warning using:

@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

as a function annotation, but you can’t easily sort out the underlying problem :(

当自己知道这样做是安全的的时候,可以选择镇压(suppress)警告。

那么有没有更好的解决办法呢?Java为何警告,我们究竟如何检查这样的类型转换转换是否安全?

Raw Types[1]

原始(raw)类型是指不带类型参数的泛型类或接口。比如有一个泛型类Box<T>

public class Box<T> {
public void set(T t) { /* ... */ }
// ...
}

你可以创建参数化(parameterized)类型Box<T>

Box<Integer> intBox = new Box<>();

而原始类型则是这样的:

Box rawBox = new Box();

在JDK5.0之前,很多类(比如Collections)不是泛型,因此原始类型在其中很常见。使用Box会将泛型进行擦除,也就是把Box<T>实现中的T全部替换为Object,从而产生一个新的类。为了向后兼容,Java允许参数化类型赋值给原始类型:

Box<String> stringBox = new Box<>();
Box rawBox = stringBox; // OK

但是不允许原始类型赋值给参数化类型、一种参数化类型赋值给另一种参数化类型:

Box<Object> objectBox = new Box<>();
objectBox = rawBox; // Type safety: The expression of type Box needs unchecked conversion to conform to Box<Object>
objectBox = stringBox; // Type mismatch: cannot convert from Box<String> to Box<Object>

再将上面代码加入一个类型转换:

objectBox = (Box<Object>)rawBox;

这就出现了与之前一样的警告:Type safety: Unchecked cast from Box to Box<Object>,这是因为你尝试将原始类型转换为参数化类型时,或是一种参数化类型转换为另一种参数化类型。

查了许多资料,最终了解到这是因为这种转换过程不安全,因为编译器无法肯定rawBox就是Box<Object>而不是Box<Integer>Box<Double>等等,改用通配符就可以解决这个问题:

Box<?> otherBox = (Box<?>)rawBox;

这样的话,在使用getClass()判断之后确定了rawBox是类Box的实例,将其downcast(向下转换,即超类转为子类)为Box<?>是绝对安全的。

回到自己遇到的的问题上来,equals()函数只需要将Object转换为Edge<?>即可使用其中的source等来比较是否相等,不需要具体到Edge<L>,因此可以修改为通配符形式:

Edge<?> other = (Edge<?>) otherObject;

参考资料

  1. Raw Types
  2. Java Generics Type Casting
  3. How do I address unchecked cast warnings?
  4. Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object
  5. Wildcards in Java
文章作者: upupming
文章链接: https://upupming.site/2018/03/26/java-equals-type-safety/
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